“American actions have provided significant impetus for BRICS and SCO members to draw closer. While Brazil’s and India’s relations with China remain complicated, SCO and BRICS nonetheless offer them platforms to demonstrate that the US is not their only partner of consequence. They can also position themselves as leading actors in advancing a world order less centred on the West.

That said, BRICS and SCO countries remain a highly heterogeneous group with divergent interests and varying relationships with China.”

Andrea Ghiselli (T.wai & University of Exeter) is interviewed in the article “China doubles down on BRICS to defend free trade but grouping’s divisions remain” on The Strait Times.